"чуць" meaning in All languages combined

See чуць on Wiktionary

Adverb [Belarusian]

IPA: [t͡ʂut͡sʲ] Audio: Be-чуць.ogg Forms: čucʹ [romanization]
Etymology: Cognate with Russian чуть (čutʹ). Etymology templates: {{cog|ru|чуть}} Russian чуть (čutʹ) Head templates: {{be-adv}} чуць • (čucʹ)
  1. a little, slightly Synonyms: ледзь, тро́хі
    Sense id: en-чуць-be-adv-vE2zV3jq Categories (other): Belarusian entries with incorrect language header, Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries Disambiguation of Belarusian entries with incorrect language header: 89 0 11 Disambiguation of Pages with 1 entry: 66 0 34 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 87 0 13
  2. barely Synonyms: як толькі, ледзь толькі
    Sense id: en-чуць-be-adv-zSiNCJ5a
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms: чуць не (čucʹ nje), чуць што (čucʹ što), чуць-чуць (čucʹ-čucʹ)
Etymology number: 2

Verb [Belarusian]

IPA: [t͡ʂut͡sʲ] Audio: Be-чуць.ogg
Etymology: From Proto-Slavic *čuti. Cognate with Ukrainian чу́ти (čúty). Etymology templates: {{inh|be|sla-pro|*čuti}} Proto-Slavic *čuti, {{cog|uk|чу́ти}} Ukrainian чу́ти (čúty) Head templates: {{be-verb|чуць|impf|pf=учу́ць|pf2=ўчуць}} чуць • (čucʹ) impf (perfective учу́ць or ўчуць) Inflection templates: {{be-conj|чуць<12a.impf.tr.ppp>}} Forms: čucʹ [romanization], учу́ць [perfective], ўчуць [perfective], imperfective transitive [table-tags], чуць [imperfective, infinitive], - [active, imperfective, present], - [active, imperfective, past], - [imperfective, passive, present], чу́ты [imperfective, passive, past], чу́ючы [adverbial, imperfective, present], чу́ўшы [adverbial, imperfective, past], чу́ю [first-person, imperfective, present, singular], бу́ду чу́ць [first-person, future, imperfective, singular], чу́еш [imperfective, present, second-person, singular], бу́дзеш чу́ць [future, imperfective, second-person, singular], чу́е [imperfective, present, singular, third-person], бу́дзе чу́ць [future, imperfective, singular, third-person], чу́ем [first-person, imperfective, plural, present], бу́дзем чу́ць [first-person, future, imperfective, plural], чу́еце [imperfective, plural, present, second-person], бу́дзеце чу́ць [future, imperfective, plural, second-person], чу́юць [imperfective, plural, present, third-person], бу́дуць чу́ць [future, imperfective, plural, third-person], чуй [imperative, second-person, singular], чу́йце [imperative, plural, second-person], чуў [masculine, past, singular], чу́лі [masculine, past, plural], чу́ла [feminine, past, singular], чу́лі [feminine, past, plural], чу́ла [neuter, past, singular], чу́лі [neuter, past, plural]
  1. to hear Derived forms: чу́тны (čútny)
    Sense id: en-чуць-be-verb-jqEb34OJ
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 1

Inflected forms

{
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "be",
        "2": "sla-pro",
        "3": "*čuti"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Slavic *čuti",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "uk",
        "2": "чу́ти"
      },
      "expansion": "Ukrainian чу́ти (čúty)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Slavic *čuti. Cognate with Ukrainian чу́ти (čúty).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "čucʹ",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "учу́ць",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ўчуць",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "imperfective transitive",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "be-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "12a",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "чуць",
      "roman": "čucʹ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfective",
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "imperfective",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "imperfective",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfective",
        "passive",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "чу́ты",
      "roman": "čúty",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfective",
        "passive",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "чу́ючы",
      "roman": "čújučy",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "adverbial",
        "imperfective",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "чу́ўшы",
      "roman": "čúŭšy",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "adverbial",
        "imperfective",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "чу́ю",
      "roman": "čúju",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfective",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "бу́ду чу́ць",
      "roman": "búdu čúcʹ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "imperfective",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "чу́еш",
      "roman": "čúješ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfective",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "бу́дзеш чу́ць",
      "roman": "búdzješ čúcʹ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "imperfective",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "чу́е",
      "roman": "čúje",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfective",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "бу́дзе чу́ць",
      "roman": "búdzje čúcʹ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "imperfective",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "чу́ем",
      "roman": "čújem",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfective",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "бу́дзем чу́ць",
      "roman": "búdzjem čúcʹ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "imperfective",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "чу́еце",
      "roman": "čújecje",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfective",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "бу́дзеце чу́ць",
      "roman": "búdzjecje čúcʹ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "imperfective",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "чу́юць",
      "roman": "čújucʹ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfective",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "бу́дуць чу́ць",
      "roman": "búducʹ čúcʹ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "imperfective",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "чуй",
      "roman": "čuj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "чу́йце",
      "roman": "čújcje",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "чуў",
      "roman": "čuŭ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "чу́лі",
      "roman": "čúli",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "чу́ла",
      "roman": "čúla",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "чу́лі",
      "roman": "čúli",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "чу́ла",
      "roman": "čúla",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "чу́лі",
      "roman": "čúli",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "чуць",
        "2": "impf",
        "pf": "учу́ць",
        "pf2": "ўчуць"
      },
      "expansion": "чуць • (čucʹ) impf (perfective учу́ць or ўчуць)",
      "name": "be-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "чуць<12a.impf.tr.ppp>"
      },
      "name": "be-conj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Belarusian",
  "lang_code": "be",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "derived": [
        {
          "roman": "čútny",
          "word": "чу́тны"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to hear"
      ],
      "id": "en-чуць-be-verb-jqEb34OJ",
      "links": [
        [
          "hear",
          "hear"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[t͡ʂut͡sʲ]"
    },
    {
      "audio": "Be-чуць.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/Be-%D1%87%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8C.ogg/Be-%D1%87%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8C.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Be-%D1%87%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8C.ogg"
    }
  ],
  "word": "чуць"
}

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "čucʹ nje",
      "word": "чуць не"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "čucʹ što",
      "word": "чуць што"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "čucʹ-čucʹ",
      "word": "чуць-чуць"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ru",
        "2": "чуть"
      },
      "expansion": "Russian чуть (čutʹ)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Cognate with Russian чуть (čutʹ).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "čucʹ",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "чуць • (čucʹ)",
      "name": "be-adv"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Belarusian",
  "lang_code": "be",
  "pos": "adv",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "89 0 11",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Belarusian entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "66 0 34",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "87 0 13",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "a little, slightly"
      ],
      "id": "en-чуць-be-adv-vE2zV3jq",
      "links": [
        [
          "a little",
          "a little"
        ],
        [
          "slightly",
          "slightly"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "ледзь"
        },
        {
          "word": "тро́хі"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "barely"
      ],
      "id": "en-чуць-be-adv-zSiNCJ5a",
      "links": [
        [
          "barely",
          "barely"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "як толькі"
        },
        {
          "word": "ледзь толькі"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[t͡ʂut͡sʲ]"
    },
    {
      "audio": "Be-чуць.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/Be-%D1%87%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8C.ogg/Be-%D1%87%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8C.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Be-%D1%87%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8C.ogg"
    }
  ],
  "word": "чуць"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Belarusian adverbs",
    "Belarusian class 12 verbs",
    "Belarusian class 12a verbs",
    "Belarusian entries with incorrect language header",
    "Belarusian imperfective verbs",
    "Belarusian lemmas",
    "Belarusian terms derived from Proto-Slavic",
    "Belarusian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic",
    "Belarusian terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Belarusian terms with redundant head parameter",
    "Belarusian transitive verbs",
    "Belarusian verbs",
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "roman": "čútny",
      "word": "чу́тны"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "be",
        "2": "sla-pro",
        "3": "*čuti"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Slavic *čuti",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "uk",
        "2": "чу́ти"
      },
      "expansion": "Ukrainian чу́ти (čúty)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Slavic *čuti. Cognate with Ukrainian чу́ти (čúty).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "čucʹ",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "учу́ць",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ўчуць",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "imperfective transitive",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "be-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "12a",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "чуць",
      "roman": "čucʹ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfective",
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "imperfective",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "active",
        "imperfective",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfective",
        "passive",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "чу́ты",
      "roman": "čúty",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfective",
        "passive",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "чу́ючы",
      "roman": "čújučy",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "adverbial",
        "imperfective",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "чу́ўшы",
      "roman": "čúŭšy",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "adverbial",
        "imperfective",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "чу́ю",
      "roman": "čúju",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfective",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "бу́ду чу́ць",
      "roman": "búdu čúcʹ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "imperfective",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "чу́еш",
      "roman": "čúješ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfective",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "бу́дзеш чу́ць",
      "roman": "búdzješ čúcʹ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "imperfective",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "чу́е",
      "roman": "čúje",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfective",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "бу́дзе чу́ць",
      "roman": "búdzje čúcʹ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "imperfective",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "чу́ем",
      "roman": "čújem",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfective",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "бу́дзем чу́ць",
      "roman": "búdzjem čúcʹ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "imperfective",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "чу́еце",
      "roman": "čújecje",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfective",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "бу́дзеце чу́ць",
      "roman": "búdzjecje čúcʹ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "imperfective",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "чу́юць",
      "roman": "čújucʹ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfective",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "бу́дуць чу́ць",
      "roman": "búducʹ čúcʹ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "imperfective",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "чуй",
      "roman": "čuj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "чу́йце",
      "roman": "čújcje",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "чуў",
      "roman": "čuŭ",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "чу́лі",
      "roman": "čúli",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "чу́ла",
      "roman": "čúla",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "чу́лі",
      "roman": "čúli",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "чу́ла",
      "roman": "čúla",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "чу́лі",
      "roman": "čúli",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "чуць",
        "2": "impf",
        "pf": "учу́ць",
        "pf2": "ўчуць"
      },
      "expansion": "чуць • (čucʹ) impf (perfective учу́ць or ўчуць)",
      "name": "be-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "чуць<12a.impf.tr.ppp>"
      },
      "name": "be-conj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Belarusian",
  "lang_code": "be",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to hear"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "hear",
          "hear"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[t͡ʂut͡sʲ]"
    },
    {
      "audio": "Be-чуць.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/Be-%D1%87%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8C.ogg/Be-%D1%87%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8C.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Be-%D1%87%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8C.ogg"
    }
  ],
  "word": "чуць"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Belarusian adverbs",
    "Belarusian entries with incorrect language header",
    "Belarusian lemmas",
    "Belarusian terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Belarusian terms with redundant head parameter",
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "roman": "čucʹ nje",
      "word": "чуць не"
    },
    {
      "roman": "čucʹ što",
      "word": "чуць што"
    },
    {
      "roman": "čucʹ-čucʹ",
      "word": "чуць-чуць"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ru",
        "2": "чуть"
      },
      "expansion": "Russian чуть (čutʹ)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Cognate with Russian чуть (čutʹ).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "čucʹ",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "чуць • (čucʹ)",
      "name": "be-adv"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Belarusian",
  "lang_code": "be",
  "pos": "adv",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "a little, slightly"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "a little",
          "a little"
        ],
        [
          "slightly",
          "slightly"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "ледзь"
        },
        {
          "word": "тро́хі"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "barely"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "barely",
          "barely"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "як толькі"
        },
        {
          "word": "ледзь толькі"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[t͡ʂut͡sʲ]"
    },
    {
      "audio": "Be-чуць.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/Be-%D1%87%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8C.ogg/Be-%D1%87%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8C.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Be-%D1%87%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8C.ogg"
    }
  ],
  "word": "чуць"
}

Download raw JSONL data for чуць meaning in All languages combined (6.7kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.